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Medical Science: Fundamentals of Basic Medical Sciences (FBMS-701) MPhil: Course Outline

After completing this course students should be able to understand the fundamental units of life, especially the cell as an organism’s basic unit for structure and function. Comprehend and explain the diversity in biological systems and processes on cellu

Course objective

  • To understand the structural and functional properties of cell and its organelles
  • To understand the structural and functional properties of Biomembranes
  • To understand the concept of cell cycle and its regulation
  • To understand the transport mechanisms of cell and its interaction with the environment
  • To understand the methods to study the structure of cells
  • To impart advance knowledge of life processes at molecular level
  •  To motivate students for using advanced molecular biology techniques
  •  To understand the theory behind the new technologies 

Course Outline

Cell As a Fundamental Unit of Life

  • Cell as unit of life
  • Compare the eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell
  • Concept of cell cycle, mitosis and meiosis and cell death
  • Control of cell proliferation and differentiation
  • The structure and function of chromosomes

Cytoskeleton

  • Function of cytoskeleton
  • Major types of protein filaments that form cytoskeleton.
  • Mechanism of cyclic contractions of muscles. ( Skeletal and cardiac)
  • Mutations in the different genes

Structure of cell membrane

Lipid bilayer (different type of lipid molecules in cell membrane.

General properties of

  • Lipid bilayer 
  • Its fluidity
  • Asymmetry
  • Glycolipids

Membrane proteins

  • Association with lipid bilayer ( lipid anchoring)
  • Transmembrane proteins
  • Glycosylation of proteins
  • Solubilization and purification of membrane proteins

Compartmentalization of cell

  • Cell organelles -structure and function of membrane-bounded organelles; protein targeting; the endoplasmic reticulum; the secretory pathway and vesicular transport
  • Movement of proteins between compartments
  • Movement of molecules between nucleus and cytosol
  • Endocytosis
  • Exocytosis
  •  molecular basis of diseases resulting from defects in these processes.

Transport Mechanism 

  • Introduction uniport, symport, antiport, simple diffusion Transport and channels
  • Facilitated Transport
  • Types of ATPases + Active transport sec active
  • ABC transporter & Diseases related to it.
  • Interactions between cells in multicellular systems: extracellular matrix and connective tissue; epithelia and cell junctions.

Methods to study cell Structure

  • Principal: methods used to study cells and their molecular components
  • How to separate cells of different types from tissues
  • How to grow cells outside the body
  • How to disrupt cells and lsolate their organelles and constitutional macromolecules in pure form
  • Techniques to determine protein structure.
  • What is cell lines, uses and advantages

Course Objective:

  • To provide students with a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles and processes underlying the functioning of cells and their integration into complex physiological systems
  • To provide students with a comprehensive understanding of the structure, function, and physiological significance of blood in the human body and to integrate knowledge from different disciplines to comprehend the complex functioning and clinical significance of blood in human health and disease
  • To provide students with a comprehensive understanding of the structure, function, and biomechanics of the musculoskeletal system in the human body and to analyze and solve musculoskeletal-related problems and challenges.Top of Form

Learning Outcome:

After completing this course students should be able to:

  • Students will be able to apply the fundamental principles and concepts of cell biology and physiology to analyze and explain the functioning of complex biological systems.
  • Students will be able to analyze and evaluate the composition, functions, and clinical significance of blood, demonstrating a comprehensive understanding of its role in maintaining homeostasis and overall human health.
  • Students will be able to analyze, evaluate, and explain the structure, function, and biomechanics of the musculoskeletal system, demonstrating a comprehensive understanding of its role in movement, stability, and overall human physical performance.

Course Outline:

  1. General physiology
  • Functional organization of human body & Homeostasis
  • Control system in body
  • Introduction to cell theory and cell membrane structure
  • Cell organelles 01
  • Cell organelles 02
  • Genetic control of protein synthesis & Cell cycle
  • Membrane dynamics (Transport of substances)
  • Pathophysiology of cell injury and chromosomal abrasion
  1. Hematology
  • Composition and general functions of blood
  • Structure and functions of RBC,WBC and platelets
  • Hematopoiesis and its regulation
  • Hemostasis
  • Hemoglobin and blood indices
  • Various methods of Hb estimation (Sahli’s, talliquist, cyanmethemoglobin, automated hemoglobin analyzer)
  • Hematocrit estimation
  • Methods of Erythrocytes sedimentation rate (Westergren’s and Wintrobe)
  • Determination of RBC, WBC, DLC and Platelet count using Neubaur chamber
  • Interpretation of CBC report
  • Anemia and hemoglobin disorders
  • Blood groups and transfusions
  • Determination of ABO blood group
  • Immune system of the body
  • Leukemia
  • Thrombocytopenia and blood disorders
  • Determination of Bleeding and Clotting time
  • Tissue transplant & Hypersensitivity
  • Reticuloendothelial system
  1. Musculoskeletal System
  • Resting membrane potential
  • Action potential
  • Conduction of nerve impulse
  • Neuromuscular transmission
  • Neuromuscular blockers
  • Concept of myelin degeneration & Myesthenia gravis
  • Skeletal and smooth muscle (Structures & Functions)
  • Excitation contraction coupling and sliding filament theory (Skeletal and smooth muscle contractile mechanisms)
  • Perform EMG using Powerlab
  • Properties (Fatigue, Simple muscle twitch, Smooth muscle contraction and Tetanization) of nerve muscle preparation and contraction using Kymograph and Powerlab
  • Myopathies and Neuropathies
  • Introduction to special topics (Cancer, Cloning, Aging)

Course Objective:

    • To create a deep insight into the principles of general pharmacology.
    • To promote the clinical significance of these principles.

Learning Outcome:

After completing this course students should be able to:

    • Understand the role of Pharmacokinetics and dynamics in clinical pharmacology.
    • Apply the principles of pharmacogenetics
    • Choose the appropriate drug in patients with special characteristics.

Course Outline:

  • Pharmacokinetics (introduction, routes of administration, sources and active principals of new drugs, basic and clinical evaluation of new drugs, transport of drugs across a cell membrane, Absorption of drugs, Bioavailability, drug distribution, biotransformation, plasma kinetics, drug clearance, and excretion.)
  • Pharmacodynamics (Introduction and drug Receptor, Dose-response curve, Drug Antagonism, Receptor Transduction, Tolerance, tachyphylaxis and receptor regulation.)
  • Molecular Therapeutics (Pharmacogenomics, pharmacogenetics)
  • Principals of drug development.
  • Tissue fixation
  • Tissue processing
  • Tissue staining & Procedures
  • H & E Staining
  • Differential Staining and properties of different stains
  • Introduction to microtome                                                                               
  • Light microscopy and its principles                                          
  • Introduction to electron microscopy
  • Immunohistochemistry
  • Cell structure                                                              
  • The cell components
  • Plasma membrane
  • Epithelial tissue including  glandular epithelium      
  • Forms & characteristics of epithelial cells
  • Types of epithelium
  • Cell junctions
  • Connective and supportive Tissue                            
  • Cells & fibers  of the connective tissue
  • Types of connective tissue
  • Bones
  • Types
  • Histological feature
  • Cartilage
  • Types
  • Histological features
  • Muscular Tissue                                                         
  • Types of muscular tissue
  • Characteristics of muscular tissue
  • Blood Vessels
  • Types of blood vessels
  • AV shunts
  • Tissue Components of the Vascular Wall
  • Lymphoid organs                                                         
  • Types of lymphoid organs and their characteristics
  • Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue & Tonsils
  • Skin                                                                           
  • Histology of epidermis
  • Histology of dermis
  • Neural tissue        
  • Nerve, neuron, ganglion
  • Journal Club
  • Tissue fixation
  • Tissue processing
  • Tissue staining & Procedures
  • H & E Staining
  • Differential Staining and properties of different stains
  • Introduction to microtome                                                                               
  • Light microscopy and its principles                                          
  • Introduction to electron microscopy
  • Immunohistochemistry
  • Cell structure                                                              
  • The cell components
  • Plasma membrane
  • Epithelial tissue including  glandular epithelium      
  • Forms & characteristics of epithelial cells
  • Types of epithelium
  • Cell junctions
  • Connective and supportive Tissue                            
  • Cells & fibers  of the connective tissue
  • Types of connective tissue
  • Bones
  • Types
  • Histological feature
  • Cartilage
  • Types
  • Histological features
  • Muscular Tissue                                                         
  • Types of muscular tissue
  • Characteristics of muscular tissue
  • Blood Vessels
  • Types of blood vessels
  • AV shunts
  • Tissue Components of the Vascular Wall
  • Lymphoid organs                                                         
  • Types of lymphoid organs and their characteristics
  • Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue & Tonsils
  • Skin                                                                           
  • Histology of epidermis
  • Histology of dermis
  • Neural tissue        
  • Nerve, neuron, ganglion
  • Journal Club
  • Meiosis
  • Mitosis
  • Gametogenesis                                                              
  • Spermatogenesis
  • Oogenesis       
  • Ovulation to implantation                                                 
  • Menstrual cycle
  • Fertilization
  • Cleavage
  • Formation of the bilaminar germ disc                  
  • Formation of germ layers
  • Formation of the trilaminar germ disc              
  • Events of gastrulation
  • Body axis formation
  • Development of villi
  • Development of uteroplacental circulation
  • The embryonic period                                            
  • Neurulation
  • Neural crest derivatives
  • Folding of embryo
  • Mesoderm and somite’s
  • The fetus, placenta and membranes                                                
  • Structure of placenta
  • Characteristics of full term placenta
  • Types of placenta
  • Twin pregnancy and placenta
  • Fetal period
  • Birth defects and prenatal  diagnosis                                             
  • Types of abnormalities
  •  
  • Replication & proof reading, Transcription – post transcriptional modifications, Translation, Post translational modifications, Human genome project & Mutations, Bioinformatics (Applications)
  • Purine Metabolism and Pyrimidine Metabolism
  • Cell signaling & membranes: Composition & Chemistry of membranes of the Cells & Organelles.
  •  Receptors & transport channels Second messenger system, Ca, IP3 mechanism.
  •  Role of the G Proteins, Protein Kinases/Tyrosine Kinases, Nitric Oxide synthase, Pheromones, Plant hormones. 

Skills

  • Isolation of nucleic acids
  • Designing of primers and probes
  • Reverse transcription
  • Conventional and real time PCR
  • Electrophoresis
  • Blotting techniques
  • Molecular cytogenetics
  • Microarrays
  • DNA Cloning
  • RFLP /Diagnosis of Diseases by RFLP
  • Analysis of Gene Expression
  • Gene Therapy