Introduction to Research
• The question of legitimate knowledge
• Knowledge and decision making, the scientific method
• Quantitative vs qualitative research
• Application of scientific method
• Positivistic vs naturalistic paradigm
Classification of research
• Basic vs applied research
• Evaluation research
• Research and development (R& D)
• Action research
Selection and formulation of a problem
• From generic to a specific problem, program statement
• Getting an access to primary and secondary resources
• Note taking and information to management
• Review of related literature
• Questions and/or hypothesis of the study
• The ethical, legal and professional obligations
• The rational of the study
• The research plan
• Development of a research planSelection of sample
• Sample and population
• Basic considerations in sampling
• Random sampling, stratified random sampling cluster sampling
• Systematic sampling determination of sample size and elimination of sampling bias
Instrumentation and data collection
Data analysis and interpretation
Preparation of research report
Introduction to research (in sample term and a scientific term)
• Concept of research
• Why do need research
• Advantage of research
• Identification of research need and its qualities
• Component of research
• Ethical and legal aspect of research
• Objective of research (definition, purpose, structure)
Selection of topic
• The criteria points of prioritization of topic
o Relevance
o Avoidance of duplication
o Physibility
o Political acceptability
o Applicability
o Cost efficiencies
o Ethical consideration and scales for rating research topic mentioned above
• Work plan
o It’s content
o How to develop a work plan
o What factor should be kept in mind while preparing research work plan
• Budget required for research work
o Why it is needed?
99o What should be taken in to consideration?
o Literature searching
o Statistical help
o Material
o Type of manuscript
o Printing of manuscript for submission and postage
Concepts of measurement
• Principals and reliability of measurement
• Errors and sources of measurement,
• Type of measurement
• Measure of disease frequency and screening (introduction, validity and screening
test)
Designing clinical research
• Studies design (introduction, selection of design)
• Research questionnaire
• Validity and reliability of research finding, confounding factors
• Strategies to deal with threats to validity
Hypothesis test
Sampling
• Probability and non-probability and their sampling
• Advantages and disadvantages of probability and non-probability sampling,
bias in sampling
Research protocol
Data collection
• Purpose and techniques
• Why do we collect data?
• Data collection procedure
Step and data collection survey questionnaire, starting questionnaire.
