Veterinary Physiology-II is a continuation of Physiology-I that focuses on the fundamental concepts of domestic animal organ systems like the nervous, endocrine, reproductive, respiratory, and circulatory systems. The course integrates knowledge of these systems to explain how an animal maintains whole-body homeostasis and includes topics such as metabolism, cellular communication, and the comparative physiology of different species. It also often includes the introduction to disease pathophysiology, preparing students for clinical subjects.
Course Pre-requisites
DVM student
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Theory |
Practical |
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Lectures |
Performance |
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Assignments |
Group Discussions |
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Quiz |
Assignments |
Equal opportunity
Intellectual honesty
Adherence to deadlines
Fairness
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Theory |
Practical |
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Assignment |
Mid Term |
Final Term |
Total |
Daily Evaluations |
Final Term |
Total |
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Max marks |
06 |
18 |
36 |
60 |
10 (Class performance + evaluation + viva) |
10 |
20 |
Goal: To familiarize the students with the functioning of digestive system, lactation, endocrine system and renal system
Objective 1: To describe the components of digestive system and its functioning
Objective 2: To describe the components of mammary glands and its functioning
Objective 3: To describe the components of endocrine system and its functioning
Objective 4: To describe the components of renal system and its functioning
Objective 5: To describe the pathophysiology of common disorders of domestic animals
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No |
Theory Lecture Split |
Practical Session Split |
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1 |
Introduction to gastrointestinal physiology |
Qualitative analyses of saliva, detection of specific gravity of saliva and pH of saliva |
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2 |
Feeding behavior, prehension and mastication, enteric nervous system |
Detection of chloride and thiocynate ions in the saliva |
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3 |
Physiological mechanism of deglutition, Saliva secretion, composition and regulation |
Detection of Mucin in the saliva and salivary urea index |
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4 |
Eructation mechanism, emesis and its control |
Detection of calcium in saliva and determination of mg% of calcium in given sample |
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5 |
Ruminant stomach, anatomy and physiology, concept of functional ruminal epithelium |
Determination of mg% of chloride ions in given sample |
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6 |
Esophageal groove and concepts of nutrient-by-pass |
Detection of action of salivary amylase |
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7 |
Microbial ecosystem of digestion in ruminants, Fermentation of carbohydrates, proteins and fats in rumen |
Action of salivary amylase and conformation of production formed by enzymatic reaction and effect of pH and temperature on the action of salivary amylase |
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8 |
Production and absorption of volatile fatty acids, nitrogen in ruminants |
Demonstrate of reduction in surface tension and emulsification of fat by bile salts, chylomicron test and fecal trypsin test |
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9 |
Physiologic anatomy of simple stomach |
Determination of pH and specific gravity of milk and determination of total solid in milk and demonstration of curding of milk and peptic digestion |
Theory
Endocrine Physiology: An overview of endocrine system, integration of endocrine and nervous system, Classification and transport of hormones, Hormone-cell interaction and feedback mechanisms, Pituitary gland, its structure, secretions and function, Thyroid gland, its physiological anatomy, synthesis, release, functions of thyroxin and triiodothyronin, Endocrine pancreas; role of insulin and glucagon in regulation of glucose metabolism, Parathyroid gland: Physiological anatomy; synthesis, release, functions and abnormalities of parathormone and calcitonin. Digestive Physiology: Introduction to gastrointestinal physiology, Feeding behavior, prehension and mastication, enteric nervous system, Physiological mechanism of deglutition, Saliva secretion, composition and regulation, Eructation mechanism, emesis and its control, Ruminant stomach, anatomy and physiology, concept of functional ruminal epithelium, Esophageal groove and concepts of nutrient-by-pass, Microbial ecosystem of digestion in ruminants, Fermentation of carbohydrates, proteins and fats in rumen, Production and absorption of volatile fatty acids, nitrogen in ruminants, Physiologic anatomy of simple stomach, gastric motility, factors affecting gastric motility, Gastric secretion, composition, regulation, factors influencing the gastric secretion, Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, Absorption of vitamins and electrolytes, Role of Pancreas and liver in digestion. Clinical cases like ulcer, ruminal acidosis, urea toxicity, diarrhea; Protected nutrients and enzymes, selected antibiotics in feed, probiotic and prebiotics. Lactation Physiology: Functional anatomy of mammary glands, Physiology of mammogenesis, lactogenesis and galactopoesis, Milk synthesis and secretion, Biological functions of milk, its nutritive value, Lactation performance, physiological factors affecting lactation, Mammary biotechnology. Renal Physiology: Anatomy and physiology of Nephron, Urine formation, Glomerular filtration, Physiological control and auto-regulation of Glomerular Filtration Rate, Tubular Reabsorption and processing of Glomerular Filtrate, Mechanism of tubular re-absorption and regulation, Regulation of extra-cellular fluid osmolarity, balance of Sodium and Potassium by Kidney, Renal absorption of bivalent ion. Renal blood flow, renal clearance, filtration fraction, regulation of urine volume and concentration, Act of micturition and its regulation, Introduction to acid–base Physiology, Renal mechanisms for maintaining hydrogen ion concentration in body fluids; Regulation of acid–base balance, Clinical correlations (acidosis, alkalosis). Clinical cases related to Endocrine, Digestive, Lactation and Renal Physiology.
Practical
Demonstration of location of endocrine glands in rats and rabbits, Isolation of rat uterus and effect of oxytocin, Glucose tolerance test, Farm visits for observations on rumination and deglutition; Salivary secretion in ruminants, Tests for saliva of different animals, Motility of ruminant stomach, Rumen fistula/cannulation, Biochemical experiments on bile, Determination of composition of milk, Determination of pH and specific gravity of milk, Determination of total solid in milk, Urinalysis.