Pathology: Course outline

Microscopy Haematoxylin and Eosin (H and E)
Transparency (Atlas of Histopathology)
Cloudy swelling of the kidney (reversible injures)
Fatty change liver (reversible injures/Accumulation)
Infarction (coagulative necrosis)
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH - Cell Adaptation)
INFLAMMATION AND NEOPLASIA

Vascular and cellular events with chemical mediations in acute and
Chronic inflammation with
sequelae of acute inflammation
transudate and exudate
types of chronic inflammation (simple and granulomatous)
their effecter cells with functions
morphologic patterns of chronic inflammation
sequence of events in formation, types and causes of granuloma the different types of necrosis with prototypic examples role of complement in inflammation and immunity with various
cellular events
structure and formation of antibodies with their functions
characteristic of bacterial structure with its virulence and pathogenesis the structure (cell wall) of bacteria with their staining properties
(Gram stain)
histology of lymph node with their normal and abnormal functions
proto-oncogenes, oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes and
apoptosis regulating genes in carcinogenesis with their mode of
activation and with common human tumours
tumour markers with their use in clinical practice
the virulence factors of Streptococci and Staphylococci with acute
inflammation
Differentiate between:

cells of the immune system on the basis of their structure and function
cellular and humoral immunity and their respective functions/actions
acute and chronic inflammation including chronic granulomatous
inflammation on the basis of aetiology, pathogenesis and clinical
features and diagnostic tools
Streptococci and Staphylococci
staging and grading of the tumours
various cellular adaptations (physiology to pathology) that is,sequence of events(hyperplasia-metaplasia-dysplasia-carcinoma)
grading and staging of the tumors
Discuss:

nomenclature of tumours along with biology of tumor growth and spread (direct, lymphatic, blood borne)
epidemiology of cancer with special emphasis of epidemiology in
Pakistani context
clonal theory of cancer
carcinogenesis (chemical, viral, ionizing radiation, bacteria, fungus,
parasites)
laboratory diagnosis of cancer (routine histology, cytology, frozen
section, Immunohistochemistry etc.)
the synthesis and regulation of metabolism of arachidonic acid and
functional importance of its metabolites
role of cytokines in inflammation
Laboratory Skills: Students should be able to:

Estimate erythrocyte sedimentation rate

differentiate normal histology of lymph node from granulomatous inflammation

differentiate between important benign and malignant tumors
identify and differentiate gram positive from negative bacteria under the microscope
C. WOUND HEALING:

Differences between repair and regeneration.
Wound healing by first and second intention.
Factors that influence the inflammatory reparative response.
Wound contraction with cicatrization.
Formation of granulation tissue.
Complications of wound healing.
D. DISORDERS OF CIRCULATION

Thrombo-embolic disorders and their modalities:

Hemorrhage and congestion
Pathogenesis of thrombosis.
Possible consequences of thrombosis
Define and classify emboli according to their composition.
Infarction: red (hemorrhagic) and white (anemic)
Disorders of the circulation and shock:

Definition of edema, ascites, hydrothorax and anasarca.
Pathophysiology of edema with special emphasis on Congestive
Heart Failure (CHF).
Pathogenesis of four major types of shock (hypovolemic,
cardiogenic, vasovagal & septic) and their causes.
Compensatory mechanisms involved in shock.
E. MICROBIOLOGY

Defense mechanisms of the body.
Microbial mechanisms of invasion and virulence.
Differentiation between sterilization and disinfection.
Appropriate methods of disinfection and sterilization for thefollowing:
Spillage: blood and body fluids such as sputum, vomitus,
stool, urine,
Equipment and items:
Critical items: surgical instruments, sutures, bandages, surgical
drapes
Semi critical items: endoscopes, laryngoscopes, vaginal
speculum, proctoscope, thermometer, nasal and ear specula
and spatula
Non critical items: bed linen, floor, blood pressure apparatus,
bedrail
Principles of aseptic techniques for venepuncture, urinary catheterisation, wound dressing, suturing and lumbar puncture.
Healthcare associated infections and basic concepts of infection control including standard precautions
General principles of the following serological tests:
Precipitation (VDRL) and agglutination (Latex particle) and
Haemagglutination TPHA test
Immunofluorescent FTA
ELISA Hepatitis (A, B, C,D,E,) Rubella, Cytomegalovirus
(CMV) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Western blot for HIV
ICT Hepatitis Band C.
Interpretation:
Culture reports,
Serological reports and
Microscopic reports of Gram and AFB stain.
Laboratory diagnosis of infectious diseases: Principles of proper
sample collection and submission of specimens for laboratory investigations with due precautions.
Classification of microorganisms: General characteristics and taxonomy of Bacteria, Rickettsia, Chlamydia, Viruses and Fungi.
Definition of communicable endemic, epidemic and pandemic diseases, carriers, pathogens, opportunists, commensals and colonizers.
Micro-organisms responsible for infection of the following organ
systems:
Central nervous system
Respiratory system