Pharmacognosy: Course Outline (518-IIB)

Volatile oils (essential oils)

• Introduction
• Significance sources
• Active constituents
• Methods of obtaining volatile oils

1. Chemistry and classification of hydrocarbon volatile oils

• Cubeb and turpentine oil

2. Alcoholic volatile oils

• Peppermint
• Coriander
• Cardamom

3. Aldehydic volatile oils

• Bitter orange peel
• Sweet orange peel
• Lemon
• Cinnamon
• Bitter almond oil

4. Ketonic volatile oils

• Camphor
• Spearmint
• Caraway
• Buchu

5. Phenolic volatile oils

• Clove
• Thyme

6. Phenolic ether volatile oils

• Fennel
• Anise
• Myristica​

7. Oxide volatile oils

• Eucalyptus oils
• Rosemary

8. Miscellaneous volatile oils

• Allium
• Anethum

Resins and oleoresins

• Introduction
• Classification
• Active constituents and pharmacological uses of jalap
• Turpentine
• Asafoetida
• Benzoin
• Rosin
• Cannabis
• Podophyllum
• Ipomea
• Myrrh
• Balsam

Tannins

• Introduction
• Classification
• Biosynthesis
• Extraction
• Identification
• Occurrence in plants their role in plant life and chemical study of tannins in kino
• Myrobalan
• Catechu
• Nutgall
• Castanea
• Krameria

Natural toxicants

1. General introduction to plant toxicology

•  Definition
•  Classification and chemical nature of plant toxins
•  Plant toxicities in humans and animals

2. Higher plant toxins

• Essential oils
• Terpene (cineol pine oil)
• Phenyl propane (apiol safrole myristicin)
• Monoterpene (thujone menthafuran)
• Plant acids (oxalic acid amino acid resin acid)
• Glycosides (cardiotonic cyanognic)
• Alkaloids (imidazole pyrrolizidine tropane)

3. Lower plant toxins

• Bacterial toxins (staphylococcus aureus clostridium botulinum)
• Algal toxins 

4. Mycotoxins

• Fungal toxins (aspergillus spp claviceps purpurea)
• Mushrooms (amanita spp)

Natural toxicants

5. Study of toxins

• Prevention and control methods
• Description
• Pharmacognostic features
• Pharmacological actions
• Chemical constituents
• Treatment side-effects
• Contra-indications & warnings
• Prevention and control methods of abrus precatorius
• Papaver somniferum
• Eucalyptus spp
• Nicotiana tabaccum
• Cannabis sativa
• Digitalis purpurea
• Datura stramonium poisoning

6. An introduction to nutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals

7. Tumor inhibitors from plants

• Introduction of anticancer agents of natural origin as catharanthusroseus
• Colchicum autumnale
• Podophyllum peltatum
• Rifamycin antibiotics
• Macrolide antibiotics
• Anti-AIDS agents and immunostimulants

8. Introduction to clinical pharmacognosy

• General introduction and historical background of clinical pharmacognosy
• Study of treatment by herbal medicines

Clinical use of herbs & herbal medicine

1. Diabetes

• Gymnema sylvestre
• Melia azadirchta
• Momordicacharantia
• Syzygium jambulana

2. Cardiac diseases

• Digitalis spp
• Convallaria majalis
• Urgenia indica
• Allium sativum
• Punica granatum

3. Hepatitis

• Berberis vulgaris
• Picrorhiza kurroa
• Lawsonia innermis

4. Respiratory diseases

• Ficus religosa
• Adhatoda vasica

5. Skin diseases

• Aloe vera
• Angelica archangelica
• Mentha piperita
• Citrus spp
• Commiphora mukul

6. CNS disorders

• Strychnos nux-vomica
•  Datura stramonium
• Cannabis sativa
•  Papaver somniferum
• Atropa belladonna

7. Musculo-skeletal disorders

• Nigella sativa
• Phycotis ajowan
• Trigonella foenum-graecum
• Zingiber officinale

8. Renal disorders

• Cucumis melo
• Berberis vulgaris
• Zea mays
• Tribulus terrestris

9. Reproductive disorders

• Saraca indica
• Ruta graveolens
• Nigella sativa
• Glycyrrhiza glabra
• Claviceps purpurea
•  Myristica fragrance

10. GIT disorders

• Foeniculum vulgare
• Ferula foetida
• Cuminum cyminum
• Aegle marmelos
• Prunus domestica