Atomic and Molecular Physics: Course Outline

• The concept of the atom.
• Historical development.
• Experimental and theoretical proofs for the existence of atoms.
• Dalton’s law of constant proportions.
• The law of Gay-Lussac and the definition of the mole.
• Experimental methods for the determination of Avogadro’s constant.
• The importance of kinetic gas theory for the concept of atoms.
• Can one see atoms?
• Brownian motion.
• Cloud chamber.
• Microscopes with atomic resolution.
• The size of atoms.
• The size of atoms in the Van Der Waals equation.
• Atomic size estimation from transport Coefficients.
• atomic volumes from x-ray diffraction.
• Comparison of the different methods.
• The electric structure of atoms.
• Cathode rays and kanalstrahlen.
• Measurement of the elementary charge e.
• How to produce free electrons.
• Generation of free ions.
• The mass of the electron.
• How neutral is the atom.
• Electron and ion optics.
• Refraction of electron beams.
• Electron optics in axially symmetric fields.
• Electrostatic electron lenses.
• Magnetic lenses.
• Applications of electron and ion optics.
• Atomic masses and mass spectrometers.
• Thomson’s parabola spectrograph.
• Velocity-independent focusing.
• Focusing of ions with different angles of incidence.
• Mass spectrometer with double focusing.
• Time-of-flight mass spectrometer.
• Quadrupole mass spectrometer.
• Ion-cyclotron-resonance spectrometer.
• Isotopes.
• The structure of atoms.
• Integral and differential cross sections.
• Basic concepts of classical scattering.
• Determination of the charge distribution within the atom from scattering experiments.
• Thomson’s atomic model.
• The Rutherford atomic model.
• Rutherford’s scattering formulas.
• Development of quantum physics.
• Experimental hints to the particle character of electromagnetic radiation.
• Blackbody radiation.
• Planck’s radiation law.
• Wien’s Law, Stefan–Boltzmann’s radiation law.
• Photoelectric effect.
• Compton effect.
• Properties of photons.
• Photons in gravitational fields.
• Wave and particle aspects of light.
• Wave properties of particles.
• De Broglie wavelength and electron diffraction.
• Diffraction and interference of atoms.

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• Bragg reflection and the neutron spectrometer. 
• Neutron and atom interferometers.
• Application of particle waves.
• Matter waves and wave functions. 
• Wave packets.
• The statistical interpretation of wave functions. 
• Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle.
• Dispersion of the wave packet.
• Uncertainty relation for energy and time. 
• The quantum structure of atoms.
• Atomic spectra.
• Bohr’s atomic model. 
• The stability of atoms. 
• Franck–Hertz experiment. 
• What are the differences between classical and quantum physics?
• Classical particle paths versus probability densities in quantum physics. 
• Interference phenomena with light waves and matter waves.
• The effect of the measuring process.
• The importance of quantum physics for our concept of nature.
• Basic concepts of quantum mechanics.
• The Schrödinger equation.
• Some examples, The free particle. 
• Potential barrier.
• Tunnel effect.
• Particle in a potential box. 
• Harmonic oscillator.
• Two-and three-dimensional problems. 
• Particle in a two-dimensional box.
• Particle in a spherically symmetric potential. 
• Expectation values and operators.
• Operators and Eigen values.
• Angular momentum in quantum mechanics.
• The hydrogen atom.
• Schrödinger equation for one-electron systems. 
• Separation of the center of mass and relative motion. 
• Solution of the radial equation.
• Quantum Numbers and wave functions of the H atom. 
• Spatial distributions and expectation values of the electron in different quantum states.
• The normal Zeeman effect.
• Comparison of Schrödinger theory with experimental results. 
• Relativistic correction of energy terms.
• The Stern–Gerlach experiment.
• Electron Spin.
• Einstein–De Haas Effect. 
• Spin-orbit coupling and fine structure. 
• Anomalous Zeeman Effect.
• Hyperfine structure.
• Basic considerations. 
• Fermi-contact interaction. 
• Magnetic dipole-dipole interaction. 
• Zeeman Effect of hyperfine structure levels. 
• Complete description of the Hydrogen atom. 
• Total wave function and quantum numbers.
• Term assignment and level scheme.
• Lamb shift.
• Correspondence principle. 
• The electron model and its problems.