LibGuides: Pharmacology (MBBS): Course Outline

Course Outline

PHARMACOLOGY

The details of the syllabus are as under: Theory

General Pharmacology:

Definition of Pharmacology, Objectives of learning Pharmacology, definition of drug and drug nomenclature.
Standard sources of drug information, pharmacopoeias, formularies.
Branches/Divisions of Pharmacology.
Sources of drugs.
Active principles of drugs and Pharmacopoeias.
Dosage forms and doses of drugs.
Drug administration.
Absorption of drugs and processes involved in drug absorption ( transport of drugs across cell-membrane)
Factors modifying absorption of drugs.
Bioavailability, its clinical significance and factors affecting bioavailability.
Drugs reservoirs, distribution and redistribution of drugs, plasma protein binding.
Pro-drug, Biotransformation of drugs, enzyme induction, enzyme inhibition and entero-hepatic circulation.
Plasma half-life of drugs, steady state concentration, its clinical importance and factors affecting it.
Excretion of drugs.
Mechanism of drug action.
Dose response curves, structure-activity relationship.
Factors modifying action and doses of drugs.
Drug-drug interactions.

2. Locally Acting Drugs

Demulcents, Emollients, Irritants, Counter irritants, Astringents, anti-seborrhoeics, Locally acting enzymes.
Antiseptics and Disinfectants
Ectoparasiticides

3. Drugs Acting on Gastrointestinal Tract

Anti Emetics
Drugs affecting motility of GIT
Ulcer Healing drugs
Purgatives/Laxatives

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4. Cardiovascular Drugs
• Anti-arrhythmic Drugs
• Inotropic Drugs/Drugs used in cardiac failure.
• Anti-hypertensive Drugs
• Anti-anginal Drugs
• Thrombolytics/Anti-coagulants/Anti-platelets
• Anti-hyperlipidemic Drugs

5. Diuretics
7. Drugs Acting on Autonomic Nervous System

Cholinergic Drugs
• Choline Esters.
• Anticholine-esterases,.
• Cholinomimetic Alkaloids

Anti-cholinergic Drugs
• Anti-Muscarinic
• Anti-Nicotinic

Sympathomimetics/Adrenergic Drugs
• Catecholamine
• Non-Catecholamine

Sympatholytics/Antiadrenergics
• Alpha Adrenergic receptor Blockers.
• Beta Adrenergic receptor Blockers

Adrenergic Neurone Blockers
Autonomic Ganglionic Blockers
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants
a) Neuromuscular Blocking Agents.
b) Central Muscle Relaxants.
c) Directly acting skeletal muscle and relaxants.

a. Sedative-Hypnotics
b. Antiepileptics
c. General Anaesthetics
d. Local Anaesthetics
e. Drugs For Movement Disorders/ Anti Parkinsonism Drugs
f. Alcohol
g. Drugs For Migraine

h. Psychopharmacology
• Anti-psychotics —
• Anxiolytics —
6. Autocoids
7. Drugs Acting on Autonomic Nervous System
Cholinergic Drugs
• Choline Esters.
• Anticholine-esterases,.
• Cholinomimetic Alkaloids

Anti-cholinergic Drugs
• Anti-Muscarinic
• Anti-Nicotinic

Sympathomimetics/Adrenergic Drugs
• Catecholamine
• Non-Catecholamine

Sympatholytics/Antiadrenergics
• Alpha Adrenergic receptor Blockers.
• Beta Adrenergic receptor Blockers

Adrenergic Neurone Blockers
Autonomic Ganglionic Blockers
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants
a) Neuromuscular Blocking Agents.
b) Central Muscle Relaxants.
c) Directly acting skeletal muscle and relaxants.

a. Sedative-Hypnotics
b. Antiepileptics
c. General Anaesthetics
d. Local Anaesthetics
e. Drugs For Movement Disorders/ Anti Parkinsonism Drugs
f. Alcohol
g. Drugs For Migraine

h. Psychopharmacology
• Anti-psychotics —
• Anxiolytics —
8. Central Nervous System
Anti-Depressants/Anti-mania
9. Analgesics
a) Opioids
b) Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflamatory Drugs (NSAID)
c) Anti-gout Drugs
d) DMARDs

10. Drugs Acting on Respiratory System
a. Drugs used in treatment of Bronchial Asthma
b. Expectorants
c. Mucolytics
d. Anti-tussives

11. Drugs Acting on Endocrine System:
a. Pituitary-Hypothalamic Drugs
b. Adrenocorticoids
c. Sex Hormones/Hormonal contraception
d. Thyroid/ Parathyroid Drugs
e. Pancreatic Hormones and Oral Antidiabetic Agents
f. Drugs used in infertility

12. Drugs Acting on Uterus
Ergometrine, Terbutaline, Dinoprostone, Carboprost, Ritodrine, Oxytocin.
Antimicrobial Drugs
a) Sulfonamides
b) Penicillins
c) Cephalosporins
d) Aminoglycosides
e) Tetracyclines
f) Macrolides
g) Quinolones
h) Anti-tuberculous drugs
i) Antileprotic drugs
j) Anti-fungal drugs
k) Anti-viral drugs
l) Anti-protozoal drugs
• Anti-malarial drugs
• Anti-amoebic drugs
m) Urinary tract anti-septics
n) Anti cancer drugs
o) Immunosuppressive agents
p) Miscellaneous
q) Antihelmintics
CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY/THERAPEUTICS
The teaching of clinical Pharmacology should be designed to meet the daily needs of medical graduates. It should consist of lectures and demonstrations.
• Drug treatment of peptic ulcer
• Drug treatment of bronchial asthma
• Drug treatment of epilepsy
• Treatment of Parkinsonism syndrome
• Drug treatment of rheumatic diseases
• Drug treatment of ischaemic heart disease.
• Drug treatment of hypertension
• Treatment of congestive heart failure
• Drug treatment of hyperlipidemia
• Drug treatment of heavy metal poisoning
• Drug treatment of oedema
• Drug treatment of different types of shock

PRACTICALS
A. EXPERIMENTAL PHARMACOLOGY
Experiments designed to observe the action of drugs on animals and isolated tissue.
Experiments on the actions of selected drugs to be demonstrated to students on suitable animal/tissue models.
1. Effects of drugs on reflex time.
2. Effects of drugs on CNS.
3. Effects of drugs on heart.
4. Effects of drugs on blood vessels.
5. Effects of drugs on eye.
6. Effects of acetylcholine and atropine on isolated ileum.
7. Effects of histamine and antihistamines on isolated ileum.
8. Schemes to find out unknown drug having stimulatory or inhibitory effect on isolated ileum

B. PRESCRIPTION WRITING
General principles
• Guideline for rationale use of drugs
• Prescription writing for common ailments:

• drug concept

• Acute watery diarrhoea

Bacillary dysentery
• Amoebic dysentery
• Ascariasis
• Tape-worm infestation
• Acute streptococcal pharyngitis
• Iron deficiency anaemia
• Allergic rhinitis
• Scabies
• Acute malarial fever
• Cerebral malaria
• Typhoid fever
• Bronchial asthma
• Hypertension
• Migraine
• Cardiac failure
• Shock

Bacillary dysentery
• Amoebic dysentery
• Ascariasis
• Tape-worm infestation
• Acute streptococcal pharyngitis
• Iron deficiency anaemia
• Allergic rhinitis
• Scabies
• Acute malarial fever
• Cerebral malaria
• Typhoid fever
• Bronchial asthma
• Hypertension
• Migraine
• Cardiac failure
• Shock
Clinicopharmacological
Maintain highest ethical principles in medical examination and when obtaining consent.
Define what constitutes medical negligence.
Debate the pros and cons of organ transplantation in each individual case.
Develop and defend a personal moral view on Artificial insemination, Therapeutic abortions, Euthanasia, Biomedical research etc. in keeping with the norms of society and highest ethical principles.
d) PERSONAL IDENTITY

Students should be able to describe:
- Parameters of personal identity, methods of identifying living, dead, decomposed, mutilated and burnt bodies, and skeletal and fragmentary remains, using special techniques (Dentistry: Radiology, Neutron Activation Analysis etc.), and objective methods of identification (Osteomtery, Dactylo-scopy, DNA Technique, Super imposition photography etc.).
- Methods of determination of age, sex and race by various methods with their medico-legal aspects.
- Methods to trace evidence, Locard’s Principle of exchange and its medico-legal significance.

e) THANATOLOGY

The student should be able:
To describe:
- Scientific concepts regarding death, medico-legal aspect of Brain death, Indicators of Death, medico-legal aspects of Sudden and unexpected deaths, causes, manner, mode and mechanisms of death.
- Physicochemical changes subsequent to death occurring in various body tissues and organs under various environmental conditions.

To write:
- A Certification of death according to WHO guidelines.
f) TRAUMATOLOGY
i) MECHANICAL INJURIES:

The student should be able to describe mechanisms of wound production, classification of wounds, wounds produced by conventional weapons and their medico-legal aspects. Firearms, Ammunition, Classification, Nomenclature, wound Ballistics and medico-legal aspects.
ii) MECHANICAL INJURIES — MEDICO-LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS
The student should be able to:
- List and debate laws in relation to causing Bodily harm, Wounding and Homicide.
- Examine an injured person, certify nature, manner of cause, causative agent and dating of wounds.
- Link Sequelae of trauma to its original cause; and search for the relationship of sequelae to pre-existing disease.
- Identify the causes of death from wounds.
- Distinguish between ante-mortem and post-mortem wounds.
- Diagnose whether death is suicidal, homicidal and accidental.

iii) The student should also have a knowledge of and be able to describe methods of treatment and possible etiologies of REGIONAL INJURIES, and should be able to suture simple superficial wounds of:
Head (Scalp, Skull, Brain ) and Face. Vertebral column and its contents, Neck, Chest, Abdomen, Limbs, Bones and Joints.
And
Special truma such as: Transportation injuries, Police torture, and Deaths in Custody. And
Should be able to determine the medicolegal aspects of Heat, Cold, Electrical injuries.
g) VIOLENT DEATHS DUE TO ASPHYXIA.
Students should be able to:
Define, Classify, causes of; and detect the Anatomical, Physiological, Biochemical and Pathological signs of violent death; and of
Mechanical, chemical and environmental asphyxial death and their medicolegal implications.
h) AUTOPSY
Students should be able to list:
- Types, objectives, rules, and techniques and describe procedure for post-mortem;
Describe:
- Methods for Assessment of Fatal period and post-mortem interval. Post-mortem artefacts. Risks and Hazards of autopsy, and Autopsy Protocol.
- Procedure for selection and reservation, labelling and despatch of Biological and non-Biological materials for laboratory examination; and should be able to collect relevant samples.
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- Exhumation procedures, and debate its value and limitations.