Physiology (MBBS): Course outline

potentials
EMG
Conduction of Nerve Impulse, Nerve
Degeneration and regeneration
Synapses
Nerve Injury
Structure of the Muscle
Skeletal muscle contraction
Rigor Mortis & Contractures
Isometric and isotonic contraction
Smooth muscle contraction
Neuromuscular Transmission
Myasthenia Gravis
Excitation — contraction coupling
Myopathies/Neuropathies
Motor Unit
Neuromuscular Blockers
Gastrointestinal Tract
Structure and General Functions
Enteric nervous system (Gut Brain)
Mastication, Swallowing and their control
Dysphagia, achlasia of esophagus
Functions and movements of stomach
Examination of abdomen, peptic Ulcer, Pancreatitis
Functions and movements of small intestine
Gastric function tests
Functions and movements of large intestine
Hormones of GIT
Vomiting and its pathway
Vomiting and effects
Defecation and its pathway
Diarrhoea, Constipation
Functions of Liver
Jaundice, Liver functions tests
Cardiovascular system
Introduction to heart & circulation
Correlation of cardiac cycle with ECG & heart sounds
Physiology of cardiac muscle
Action potential in atrial & ventricular muscle and pace-maker potential
Regulation of cardiac functions
Cardiac impulse-origin & propagation
Cardiac cycle – various events
Significance of Apex beat/abnormalities
ECG-Recording & interpretation
ECG interpretation in cardiac muscle abnormalities and cardiac arrhythmias
Arrhythmias- mechanism of development
Flutter, Fibrillation-Ectopics
Functional types of blood vessels
Haemodynamics of blood flow
Local control of blood flow
Conduction defects
Systemic circulation, characteristics & control
Regulation of peripheral resistance
Arterial pulse
Jugular venous pulse
Arterial blood pressure (short/long term regulation)


Radial/other pulses
Cardiac output (regulation/measurement)
Hypertension, types & effects
Heart Sounds/murmurs
Venous return & its regulation
Clinical evaluation of heart sounds and murmurs
Coronary circulation
Ischemic Heart Disease
Splanchnic circulation
Heart Failure
Pulmonary circulation
Echocardiogram
Cerebral circulation
Cutaneous circulation- Triple response
Types of shock
Fetal circulation and readjustments at birth
Cardiovascular changes during exercise
Respiratory System
Organization/functions of Respiratory Tract
Examination of Chest
Functions of Lungs ( respiratory & non respiratory)
Types of respiration (Intrapleural pressure, pneumothorax, effusion)
Mechanics of Breathing
Atelactasis
Surfactant and Compliance
Lung function tests (Spirometry)
Protective reflexes
Lung volumes and capacities
Obstructive/Restrictive lung disease (FEV1/FVC)
Dead space
Diffusion of Gases (gas laws, composition)
Ventilation/perfusion
Abnormal Ventilation/Perfusion
Transport of O2 in blood
Transport of CO2 in blood
Regulation of respiration (Nervous/Chemical)
Respiratory failure
Abnormal breathing
Asphyxia
Hypoxia-types and effects
Hypoxia, cyanosis, dyspnoea
Physiology of Cyanosis
Artificial respiration
Physiology of high altitude, space, deep sea diving
Oxygen therapy
Oxygen debt
Caisson’s disease
Respiratory changes during exercise

PART-II

D. PHYSIOLOGY Body fluids and Kidneys
Compartments of body fluids & measurement
Renal function tests
Tissue and lymph fluids
Fluid Excess/depletion
Structure of Kidney/Nephron
General functions of kidney
GFR-factors regulating

Formation of urine, filtration, reabsorption, secretion
Plasma Clearance
Concentration & Dilution of urine
Renal failure/uraemia
Electrolyte Balance
Water Balance
Regulation of blood pressure by kidneys
Nephrotic syndrome
Hormones of kidneys
Acidification of urine
Artificial kidney/Hemodialysis
Acid Base balance
Metabolic acidosis/alkalosis
Micturition
Abnormalities of micturition including incontinence
Nervous system
Organization of Nervous system
Significance of Dermatomes
Classification of nerve fibres
Properties of Synaptic transmission
Neurotransmitters and neuropeptides
Types and function of sensory receptors
Receptors & Neurotransmitters (applied aspect)
Functions of spinal cord, ascending tracts
Reflex action/ reflexes
Interpretation of Reflexes
Muscle spindle / muscle tone
UMN/LMN Lesion-features and localisation
Tactile, temperature and pain sensations Structure of cerebral cortex
Injuries and diseases of spinal cord, Analgesia system
Sensory Cortex
Disorders of cranial nerves
Motor Cortex
Motor pathways, (Pyramidal & extra pyramidal)
Hemiplegia/Paraplegia
Basal Ganglia, connections and functions
Parkinsonism & other lesions of basal ganglia
Cerebellum, connections and functions
Cerebellar Disorders
Vestibular Apparatus/Regulation of Posture & Equilibrium
Sleep Disorders
Reticular formation
Physiology of sleep/EEG
Physiology of memory
Higher mental function assessment
Physiology of speech
Abnormalities of speech
Thalamus-Nuclei & functions
Thalamic syndrome
Hypothalamus & limbic System
Lesion of Hypothalamus
Cerebrospinal fluid
Regulation of body temperature
Functions of skin
Hydrocephalus
Special senses
Structure & functions of eye-ball
Intraocular pressure & Glaucoma
Optical Principles
Accommodation of eye
Errors of refraction
Visual acuity
Photochemistry of vision
Colour vision/night blindness
Colour blindness, fundoscopy
Dark and light adaptation
Neural function of Retina
Visual pathway, light reflex and pathway
Visual cortex
Field of vision and lesions of visual pathway
Intraocular fluids
Eye movements and control
Visual evoked potentials and electroretinogram
Physiological anatomy of cochlea
Functions of external & middle Ear
Functions of inner Ear-Organ of Corti
Auditory pathway
Hearing test audiometry
Physiology of smell- receptors and pathway
Types of deafness
Physiology of taste
Auditory evoked potentials
Olfaction/taste abnormalities
Endocrinology
General principles(classification, mechanism of action, feed back control)
Acromegaly, Giantism
Biosynthesis, transport, metabolism, actions and control of secretion of hormones of:
Hormonal assay
Hypthalamus
Anterior Pituitary
Dwarfism
Posterior Pituitary
Panhypopituitarism
Thyroid gland
Sheehan’s syndrome
Parathyroid, calcitonin
Diabetes insipidus
Adrenal Medulla
Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion
Andrenal Cortex
Myxoedema, Cretinism, thyrotoxicosis
Pancreas
GIT
Pheochromocytoma
Pineal gland
Cushing’s syndrome, Conn’s syndrome
Thymus
Addision’s disease, Adrenogenital syndrome
Kidney
Diabetes Mellitus &Hypoglycemia
Physiology of growth
Zollinger Ellison’s syndrome
Reproduction
Functional anatomy of Male reproductive system
Chromosomal abnormalities
Spermatogenesis
Semen analysis
Male infertility
Erection and ejaculation
Testosterone
Male puberty
Oogenesis and functional anatomy of female gonads
Oestrogen & Progesterone
Female infertility
Menstrual cycle
Contraception
Puberty and Menopause
Pregnancy Tests
Pregnancy — Physiological changes in mother during pregnancy
Placenta
Parturition
Lactation
Neonatal Physiology
EXPERIMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY
Haematology
Study of the microscope
Determination of:
Haemoglobin (Hb%)
Erythrocyte sedimentation Rate (ESR)
Packed cell volume (PCV)/Haematocrit
Bleeding Time (BT)
Clotting Time (CT)
Blood Groups
Study of Neubauer chamber
RBCs Count
Red cell indices
WBCs Count
Differential leucocyte Count (DLC)
Osmotic fragility of RBCs
Demontration of prothrombin time and thrombin time
Respiratory System
Clinical examination of chest
Measurement of Pulmonary volumes and capacities (Spirometry)
Stethography 29
Nervous System
Examination of superficial reflexes
Examination of deep reflexes
Examination of sensory, motor system
Clinical examination of cranial nerves
Cardiovascular System
Frog’s Heart
Recording of normal cardiogram and affect of temperature
Effect of drugs on cardiac contractility
Effect of Ions on cardiac contractility
Properties of cardiac muscle in frog’s heart (Demonstration)
Study of sheep’s heart
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Cold pressor test
Triple response
Examination of arterial pulse
ECG recording/interpretation
Measurement of arterial blood pressure
Effect of exercise & posture on BP
Examination of Apex Beat
Heart Sounds- auscultation of normal sounds/murmurs
Special Senses
Field of vision by confrontation method
Field of vision by Perimetry
Light reflex
Ophthalmoscopy
Visual acuity
Colour Vision
Hearing tests
Audiometry
Taste Sensation
Olfaction sensation
Frog’s Nerve & Muscle
Simple muscle twitch (SMT) in frog and effect of temperature
Effect of fatigue on muscle contraction
Tatanization in frog’s muscle (Demonstration)
Effect of two successive stimuli on SMT (Demonstration)
Effect of preload and after load on SMT (Demonstration)
Determination of velocity of conduction in
sciatic nerve (Demonstration)
Use of Physiograph (polygraph)
Elicit fatigue in human index finger
Miscellaneous
Recording of body temperature
Pregnancy tests
Introduction to biostatistics e.g. data collection and analysis
- Vitalograph
- Nerve conduction studies
Muscle conduction studies
- Evoke Potential