Propagation of Light &
Image Formation: Huygens’ Principle, Fermat’s Principle,
Laws of Reflection and Refraction, Refraction at a Spherical Surface, Thin Lenses,
Newtonian Equation for a Thin Lens
Matrix Methods in Paraxial Optics:
Ray Transfer Matrices, Thick Lens
Superposition & Interference: Standing Waves, Beats, Phase and Group
Velocities, Thin Dielectric Films, Michelson and Fabry-Perot Interferometers,
Resolving Power, Free-Spectral Range
Polarization:
Linear, circular and elliptical polarization
Fraunhofer Diffraction:
From a Single Slit, Rectangular and Circular Apertures,
Double Slit, Many Slits
Coherence & Holography: Temporal Coherence, Spatial Coherence, Holography of
a Point object and an Extended Object
Laser Basics:
Stimulated Emission, Population Inversion, Resonators, Threshold and Gain
1. Kenneth S. Krane, “Modern Physics”, 3rd Edition, 2012
2. Paul A. Tipler and Ralph A. Llewellyn, “Modern Physics”, W H Freeman and
Company 6th ed. 2012.
3. R.A. Serway, C.J. Moses and C.A. Moyer, “Modern Physics”, Brooks Cole,
3 rd ed. 2004.
4. R. M. Eisberg and R. Resnick, “Quantum Physics of Atoms, molecules,
Solids, Nuclei and Particles”, John Wiley, 2 nd ed. 2002
Principles of lasers by 
Principles of Free-Electron Lasers by 
Electromagnetic principles of integrated optics by 
Lasers principles, types and applications by 
