1. Corrective Lenses
2. Ocular and spectacle refraction
3. Convergence & divergence
4. Visual fields
5. Causes of refractive errors
6. Objective measurement of visual acuity
7. Uses of prisms
8. Optics of Low Vision Devices
9. Retinoscopy – Principles and methods
10. Heterophoria and heterotropia
To introduce the range of clinical optometry work and will cover both objective and
subjective examination methods. The Course will teach the theory of, and examination with,
ophthalmoscopy, Retinoscopy and other methods for objective assessment of refractive
error, subjective techniques for assessing visual acuity and the subjective procedures of fan
&block and cross cylinder.