The Course will introduce students to a broad range of core topics and concepts in
physiological optics and vision science, but will embed these topics within a broader
framework of understanding about the nature of vision, the underlying mechanisms of the
human visual system, the way vision develops in early life, and the functions that vision
serves in human behavior. In this way, students will gain insight into the relationships
between basic science and clinical practice with emphasis on
▪ Consideration of Aphakia
▪ The optical effects of contact lenses/spectacles/intraocular lenses
▪ Consideration of retinal image size
▪ Spectacle magnification and relative spectacle magnification
▪ Consideration of aniseikonia and its clinical significance
▪ Entopic phenomenon
▪ Absorption characteristics of the ocular media and their clinical significance
▪ Optical aberrations of the eye and their clinical significance on vision
▪ Physiological compensation for chromatic aberration
1. Optical system of the eye, Schematic & reduced eye
2. Retinal image formation and size
3. Visual acuity and factors affecting it
4. Depth of focus
5. Emmetropia & ametropia
6. Spherical and astigmatic ametropia
7. Presbyopia
8. Refractive variations with age
9. Optics of Contrast Sensitivity
10. Binocular Vision
Principles of Free-Electron Lasers by 
Electromagnetic principles of integrated optics by 
Lasers principles, types and applications by 
