Physiology: Course Outline (318-B)

Coordinated body functions

a. Circulation

• Plasma
• the blood cell 
• Pressure 
• flow and resistance
• Anatomy
• Heartbeat coordination
• Mechanical events of the cardiac cycle
• The cardiac output 
• Measurement of cardiac function
• Arteries 
• Arterioles 
• Capillaries
• veins
• The lymphatic system
• Baroreceptor reflexes
• Blood volume and long term regulation of arterial pressure
• Other cardiovascular reflexes and responses
• Hemorrhage and other causes of hypotension
• the upright posture
• Exercise 
• Hypertension 
• Heart Failure
• Coronary artery disease and heart attacks
• Formation of platelet plug

i) Blood coagulation

• Clot pormation
• Anticlotting systems 
• Anticlotting drugs

b. Respiration 

• Organization of the respiratory system
• Ventilation and lung mechanics
• Exchange of gfases in alveoli and tissues
• Transport of oxygen in blood
• Transport of carbon dioxide in blood
• Transport of hydrogen ions between tissues and lungs 
• Control of respiration
• Hypoxia 
• Nonrespiratory functions of the lungs

c. The kidneys and regulation of water and inorganic ions

•  Renal functions
• Structure of the kidneys and urinary system
• Basic renal process
• The concept of renal clearance micturition
• Total body balance of sodium and water Basic renal process for sodium and water
• Renal sodium regulation 
• Renal water regulation 
• A summary example
• the response to Sweating
• Thirst and Salt Appetite 
• Potassium regulation
• Effector sites for calcium homeostasis
• Hormonal controls 
• Metabolic bone disease
• Source of hydrogen ion gain or loss 
• Buffering of hydrogen ions in the body
• Integration of homeostatic controls
• Renal mechanisms
• Classification of acidosis and alkalosis
• Diuretics 
• Kidney disease

d. The digestion and absorption of food (Overview)

• Functions of the gastrointestinal organs
• Structure of the gastrointestinal tract wall
• Digestion and absorption 
• Regulation of gastrointestinal processes
• Pathophysiology of the gastrointestinal tract

e. Regulation of organic metabolism

• Events of the absorptive and postabsorptive states
• Growth and energy balance
• Endocrine and neural control of the absorptive and postabsorptive states 
• Fuel homeostasis in exercise and stress diabetes mellitus
• Hypoglycemia as a cause of symptoms
• Regulation of plasma cholesterol 
• Bone growth 
• Environmental gactors
• Influencing growth
• Hormonal influences on growth
• compensatory growth
• Basic concepts of energy expenditure
• Regulation of total body energy stores
• Regulation of body temperature

f.  Reproduction

• General principles of gametogenesis
• Anatomy
• Spermatogenesis
• Transport of sperm 
• Hormonal control of male reproductive functions
• Ovarian function 
• Control of ovarian function
• Uterine changes in the menstrual cycle 
• Other effects of estrogen and progesterone
• Androgens in women 
• Female sexual response
• Pregnancy 
• Sex determination
• Sex sifferentiation
• Puberty
• Menopause

g. Defense mechanisms of the body

• Cells mediating immune defenses
• Nonspecific immune defenses 
• Specific immune defenses
• Systemic manifestations of infection factors that alter the body’s resistance to infection
• Harmful immune responses 
• Absorption 
• Storage sites
• Excretion
• Biotransformation
• Functions of cortisol in stress
• Functions of the sympathetic nervous system in stress
• Other hormones released during stress psychological stress and disease