Orthodontics(MDS): Course Outline

curriculum committee and or by subcommittee specialized in the topics of the
course for any required change or changes.
16) Course Approval.
The course and its contents was approval at the meeting number (………….)
date (……………).

Advanced oral biology.
Week (1); Lecture (50 minutes duration)
Topic: Introduction to the course.
Week (2); Lecture (50 minutes duration)
Topic: Cell structure and function.
Week (3); Lecture (50 minutes duration)
Topic: General embryology.
Week (4); Lecture (50 minutes duration)
Topic: Advances in the embryology of the orofacial complex.
Week (5); Lecture (50 minutes duration)
Topic: Odontogenesis.
Week (6); Lecture (50 minutes duration)
Topic: Enamel – properties, light and ultrastructure.
Week (7); Lecture (50 minutes duration)
Topic: Dentin – structure and function.
Week (8); Mid-term Written Examination (50 minutes duration)
Topic: ***** Mid-term Written Examination *****
• Multiple choice questions
• 40 marks
• 60 minutes duration
Week (9); Lecture (50 minutes duration)
Topic: Dental pulp – structure and function.
Week (10); Lecture (50 minutes duration)
Topic: Cementum and alveolar process.
Week (11); Lecture (50 minutes duration)
Topic: Periodontal ligament.
Week (12); Lecture (50 minutes duration)
Topic: Oral mucosa – structure and function.
Week (13); Lecture (50 minutes duration)
Topic: Salivary glands – structure and function.
Week (14); Lecture (50 minutes duration)
Topic: TMJ – structure and function.
Week (15); Lecture (50 minutes duration)
Topic: Eruption, exfoliation of deciduous teeth.
Week (16) (Examination)
Topic: Final Written Examination
• Multiple choice questions
• 60 marks
• 120 minutes duration
General Epidemiology
Week (1); Lecture (50 minutes duration)
Topic: Introduction to the course – Basic concepts.
Week (2); Lecture (50 minutes duration)
Topic: Epidemiologic concepts.
Week (3); Lecture (50 minutes duration)
Topic: Dynamic of disease transmission.
Week (4); Lecture (50 minutes duration)
Topic: Measures of disease frequency -1.
Week (5); Lecture (50 minutes duration)
Topic: Measures of disease frequency -2.
Week (6); Lecture (50 minutes duration)
Topic: Descriptive epidemiology.
Week (7); Lecture (50 minutes duration)
Topic: Epidemiologic aspects of infectious disease.
Week (8); Lecture (50 minutes duration)
Topic: (Mid-term Written Examination)
• Multiple choice questions
• 30 marks
• 60 minutes duration
Week (9); Lecture (50 minutes duration)
Topic: Types of epidemiological studies – Observational.
Week (10); Lecture (50 minutes duration)
Topic: Types of epidemiological studies – Analytical.
Week (11); Lecture (50 minutes duration)
Topic: Types of epidemiological studies – Qusi experimental.
Week (12); Lecture (50 minutes duration)
Topic: Types of epidemiological studies – Choice of study.
Week (13); Lecture (50 minutes duration)
Topic: Cauion in epidemiology.
Week (14); Lecture (50 minutes duration)
Topic: Clinical epidemiology.
Week (15); Lecture (50 minutes duration)
Topic: Ethical and professional issues in epidemiology
Week (16) (Examination) Topic: Final Written Examination
• Multiple choice questions
• 40 marks
• 120 minutes duration
Applied head and neck anatomy
Week (1); Lecture (50 minutes duration)
Topic: Development of face and palate;
Congenital anomalies;
Derivative of brachial arches
Week (2); Lecture (50 minutes duration)
Topic: Skull - Normas;
Foramina;
Mandible
Week (3); Lecture (50 minutes duration)
Topic: Face – Muscles, Vessels, Nerves.
Facial nerves.
Week (4); Lecture (50 minutes duration)
Topic: Deep fascia of the neck
Applied anatomy of the posterior triangle of the neck
Week (5); Lecture (50 minutes duration)
Topic: Anterior triangle of the neck
Thyroid gland
Carotid sheath
Week (6); Lecture (50 minutes duration)
Topic: Oral cavity
Palate
Tongue
Week (7); Lecture (50 minutes duration)
Topic: Trigeminal nerve
Topography and applied anatomy
Week (8); Lecture (50 minutes duration)
Topic: Anatomy and innervation of – Parotid gland
Submandibular gland
Sublingual gland
››››› (Mid-term Written Examination between weeks 8 and 9) ›››››
• Multiple choice questions
• 40 marks
• 60 minutes duration
Week (9); Lecture (50 minutes duration)
Topic: Histology – Oral cavity
Salivary glands
Week (10); Lecture (50 minutes duration)
Topic: Temporomandibular joint
Muscles of mastication
Nasal cavity
Paranasal sinus
Week (11); Lecture (50 minutes duration)
Topic: Pharynx
Trachea
Esophagus
Week (12); Lecture (50 minutes duration)
Topic: Larynx
Anatomical basis of intubation
Tracheostomy
Week (13); Lecture (50 minutes duration)
Topic: Histology – Nasal cavity

Pharynx
Larynx
Week (14); Lecture (50 minutes duration)
Topic: Cranial nerves 9, 11, and 12
Week (15); Lecture (50 minutes duration)
Topic: Orbit and eyeball
Lymphatic drainage of the head and neck
Week (16) (Examination)
Topic: Final Written Examination
• Multiple choice questions
• 60 marks
• 120 minutes duration
Advanced oral and maxillofacial radiology
Week (1); Lecture (50 minutes duration)
Topic: Introduction to the course.
Week (2); Lecture (50 minutes duration)
Topic: Radiology upgrading.
Week (3); Lecture (50 minutes duration)

Topic: Advanced imaging modalities.
Week (4); Lecture (50 minutes duration)
Topic: Cysts of the jaws.
Week (5); Lecture (50 minutes duration)
Topic: Inflammatory lesions of the jaws.
Week (6); Lecture (50 minutes duration)
Topic: Benign tumors of the jaws.
Week (7); Lecture (50 minutes duration)
Topic: Malignant tumors of the jaws.
Week (8); Lecture (50 minutes duration)
Topic: (Mid-term Written Examination)
• Multiple choice questions
• 40 marks
• 60 minutes duration
Week (9); Lecture (50 minutes duration)
Topic: Systemic diseases with jaw manifestations.
Week (10); Lecture (50 minutes duration)
Topic: Digital radiography.
Week (11); Lecture (50 minutes duration)
Topic: TMJ imaging.
Week (12); Lecture (50 minutes duration)
Topic: TMJ disorders TMD.
Week (13); Lecture (50 minutes duration)
Topic: Trauma to the teeth.
Week (14); Lecture (50 minutes duration)
Topic: Protection from radiation.
Week (15); Lecture (50 minutes duration)
Topic: Review and discussion.
Week (16) (Examination)
Topic: Final Written Examination
• Multiple choice questions
• 60 marks
• 120 minutes duration
Principles of Orthodontics
Week (1) Topic: Introduction and orientation
Week (2) Topic: Scope and limitation of orthodontics
Week (3) Topic: Classification of malocclusion
Week (4) Topic: Etiology of malocclusion -I
Week (5) Topic: Etiology of malocclusion -II
Week (6) Topic: Etiology of malocclusion -III
Week (7) Topic: Class I malocclusion
Week (8) Topic: Class II/1 malocclusion
Week (9) Topic: Class II/2 malocclusion
Week (10) Topic: Class III malocclusion
Week (11) Topic: *** Written Continuous Examination [1] ***
• Multiple choice questions
• 15 Marks
• 60 minutes duration
Week (12) Topic: Orthodontic Treatment Options
Week (13) Topic: Introduction to Principles of Treatment -I
Week (14) Topic: Introduction to Principles of Treatment -II
Week (15) Topic: Introduction to Principles of Treatment –III
Week (16) Topic: *** Written Continuous Examination [2] ***
• Multiple choice questions
• 15 Marks
• 60 minutes duration
*** End of First Semester ***
*** Start of Second Semester ***
Week (16) Topic: Introduction to Biomechanics –I
Week (17) Topic: Introduction to Biomechanics –II
Week (18) Topic: Introduction to Tissue Reactions –I
Week (19) Topic: Introduction to Tissue Reactions –II
Week (20) Topic: *** Written Continuous Examination [3] ***
• Multiple choice questions
• 15 Marks
• 60 minutes duration
Week (21) Topic: Treatment of non-skeletal problems – I
Week (22) Topic: Treatment of non-skeletal problems – II
Week (23) Topic: Treatment of non-skeletal problems – III

Week (24) Topic: Treatment of skeletal problems - I
Week (25) Topic: Treatment of skeletal problems - II
Week (26) Topic: Treatment of skeletal problems - III
Week (27) Topic: Adult Orthodontics - I
Week (28) Topic: Adult Orthodontics - II
Week (29) Topic: Adult Orthodontics - III
Week (30) Topic: *** Written Continuous Examination [4] ***
• Multiple choice questions
• 15 Marks
• 60 minutes duration
Week (Examination) Topic: *** Written Final Examination ***
• Multiple choice questions
• 40 Marks
• 120 minutes duration
Orthodontic Diagnosis and Treatment Planning
Week (1) Topic: Introduction and orientation
Week (2) Topic: Diagnosis defined.
Week (3) Topic: Diagnostic records.
Week (4) Topic: Diagnostic records.
Week (5) Topic: Diagnostic records.
Week (6) Topic: Diagnostic records.
Week (7) Topic: Diagnostic records.
Week (8) Topic: Diagnostic records.
Week (9) Topic: Diagnostic records.
Week (10) Topic: Diagnostic records.
Week (11) Topic: Diagnostic records.
Week (12) Topic: Cases from the archive, presentation and discussion.
Week (13) Topic: Cases from the archive, presentation and discussion.
Week (14) Topic: Cases from the archive, presentation and discussion.
Week (15) Topic: Cases from the archive, presentation and discussion.
*** End of First Semester ***
Week (16) Topic: Presentation and discussion of clinical cases.
Week (17) Topic: Presentation and discussion of clinical cases.
Week (18) Topic: Presentation and discussion of clinical cases.
Week (19) Topic: Presentation and discussion of clinical cases.
Week (20) Topic: Presentation and discussion of clinical cases.
Week (21) Topic: Presentation and discussion of clinical cases.
Week (22) Topic: Presentation and discussion of clinical cases.
Week (23) Topic: Presentation and discussion of clinical cases.
Week (24) Topic: Presentation and discussion of clinical cases.
Week (25) Topic: Presentation and discussion of clinical cases.
Week (26) Topic: Presentation and discussion of clinical cases.
Week (27) Topic: Presentation and discussion of clinical cases.
Week (28) Topic: Presentation and discussion of clinical cases.
Week (29) Topic: Presentation and discussion of clinical cases.
Week (30) Topic: Presentation and discussion of clinical cases.

Orthodontic Bioengineering and Materials
Week (1) Topic: Introduction and mathematical topics.
Session One - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) Introduction to the course and course outline.
2) Definition of terms.
3) Constants, variables, and functions.
4) Frame of reference.
Session Two - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) Displacement of particles and solid bodies.
2) Trigonometry.
2) An introduction to vector algebra.
3) Dimensions and units.
4) Measurements, computations, and numerical accuracy.
Reference Chapter One – Bioengineering Analysis of Orthodontic
Mechanics, RJ Nikolai
Week (2) Topic: Introduction to analysis of orthodontic force
Session One - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) Mechanics.
2) Force.
3) Vector addition and decomposition of concentrated forces.
4) Moment of a concentrated force.
5) Couple.
Session Two - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) Resultants of force systems exerted on rigid bodies.
2) Friction.
3) Mechanical equilibrium.
4) Applicability of mechanical equilibrium.
Reference Chapter Two – Bioengineering Analysis of
Orthodontic Mechanics, RJ Nikolai
Week (3) Topic: Material behavior of the orthodontic appliaces
Session One - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) Internal structure of a solid material.
2) Load-deformation behavior of a structural member.
3) Mechanical stress.
Session Two - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) Mechanical and structural properties; standardized testing.
2) Chemical and thermal influences.
3) Selection of materials.
Reference Chapter Three – Bioengineering Analysis of
Orthodontic Mechanics, RJ Nikolai
Week (4) Topic: Energy analysis in orthodontics
Session One - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) Introduction.
2) Displacement.
3) Mechanical Procedures.
4) Energy.
5) Heat transfer and thermal energy.
Session Two - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) Conservation-of-energy law
2) Available energy.
3) Activation and deactivation process
4) Strain hardening and heat treatment of metals and alloys.
5) Procedures-energy analysis of arch wire preparation.
Reference Chapter Four – Bioengineering Analysis of Orthodontic
Mechanics, RJ Nikolai
Week (5) Topic: Response of dentition and periodontium to force.
Session One - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) Introduction.
2) Mechanical response to applied force
3) Transverse crown force system
4) Extrusion, intrusion, rotation.
5) Response of the periodontium to force
Session Two - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) Response of the periodontium to force
2) Displacement, and force magnitude, duration.
3) Controlling force time pattern
4) Proper orthodontic forces
5) Dentofacial orthopedics
Reference Chapter Five - Bioengineering Analysis of Orthodontic
Mechanics, RJ Nikolai
Week (6) Topic: Introduction to structural analysis of orthodontic appliance
Session One - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) Introduction.
2) Orthodontic appliance; a structure or a machine?
3) Attachment of appliance to dentition.
4) Continuous arch wire model
Session Two - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) Overview of structural analysis of orthodontic appliance
2) Activation and deactivation characteristics
3) Action and responsive forces
4) Control of orthodontic appliance.
Reference Chapter Six – Bioengineering Analysis of Orthodontic
Mechanics, RJ Nikolai
Week (7) Topic: Behavior of orthodontic wire in bending
Session One - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) Introduction.
2) Beam deformation, strain, and stress
3) Force system within the beam
4) Beam stiffness
5) Elastic bending
Session Two - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) Elastic beam theory
2) Application of elastic beam theory to orthodontic arch wire
3) Inelastic behavior in bending
4) Orthodontic wire loop
Reference Chapter Seven - Bioengineering Analysis of Orthodontic
Mechanics, RJ Nikolai
Week (8) Topic: First Assessment [1].
• Orthodontic Bioengineering
• Multiple choice questions
• 15 marks
• 100 minutes duration
Delivery of torque by orthodontic appliance
1) Introduction.
2) Structural theory for straight, circular shaft
3) Extension of theory to rectangular cross-section
4) Application of shaft theory to orthodontic arch wire
5) Isolation of activating torque
6) Response of appliance to torsional activation.
Session Two - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) Response of dentition to torsional actvation.
2) Structural influences on torque force systems
3) Anterior segment torque mechanics
4) Torquing by rectangular-wire
5) Torquing by spurs in the appliance
6) Inelastic behavior in third-order mechanics
7) Wire loops, springs, and torsion
Reference Chapter Eight - Bioengineering Analysis of Orthodontic
Mechanics, RJ Nikolai
Week (10) Topic: Extraoral appliances.
Session One - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) Introduction.
2) Cervical pull face bow appliance.
3) Occlusal plane analysis.
4) Buccal view analysis
5) Coronal plane view analysis
6) Asymmetric problems
Session Two - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) Canine retraction with head gear
2) Extraoral force delivered to anterior segment
3) Extraoral force delivered to entire arch.
4) Delivery of extraoral force to mandibular arch.
5) Dual force headgear
6) Reverse pull appliances
Reference Chapter Nine - Bioengineering Analysis of Orthodontic
Mechanics, RJ Nikolai
Week (11) Topic: Force and structural analysis of orthodontic mechanics
Session One - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) Introduction.
2) Individual tooth malalignments
3) Leveling displacement
4) Rotational corrections
Session Two - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) Bilateral action
2) Interarch mechanics
Reference Chapter Ten - Bioengineering Analysis of Orthodontic
Mechanics, RJ Nikolai
Week (12) Topic: Force and structural analysis (Continues)
Session One - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) Introduction.
2) Intra-arch mechanics
3) Intra-arch vertical position
4) Intra-arch retraction mechanics
Session Two - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) Prepared anchorage
2) Posterior segment anchorage
Reference Chapter Ten – Bioengineering Analysis of Orthodontic
Mechanics, RJ Nikolai
Week (13) Topic: Force and structural analysis (Continues).
Session One - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) Introduction.
2) Class II mechanics
Session Two - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) Class III mechanics
5) Synopsis
Reference Chapter Ten – Bioengineering Analysis of Orthodontic
Mechanics, RJ Nikolai
Week (14) Topic: Illustrations of Clinical Application.
Session One - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) Case number one illustration.
a) Alignment
b) Space closure
c) Finishing
2) Case number two illustration.
a) Alignment
b) Space closure
c) Finishing
Session Two - Lecture (50 minutes duration)

1) Case number three illustration.
a) Alignment
b) Space closure
c) Finishing
2) Case number four illustration.
a) Alignment
b) Space closure
c) Finishing
Week (15) Topic: Second Assessment [2].
• Orthodontic Bioengineering
• Multiple choice questions
• 15 marks
• 100 minutes duration
------ End of first semester – Restart at the second semester -------
Week (16) Topic: Structures and properties of orthodontic materials
Session One - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) Introduction.
2) Interatomic bonding and atomic arrangement
a) Mode of interatomic bonding
b) Atomic arrangements for metallic materials
c) Atomic arrangements for ceramic materials
b) Atomic arrangements for polymeric materials
3) Properties of orthodontic materials
a) Property of importance
b) Mechanical properties
c) Surface properties
Session Two - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) Structures of orthodontic materials
a) Metallic materials
b) Ceramic materials
c) Polymeric materials.
Reference; Chapter One – Orthodontic Materials; Scientific and
Clinical Aspects, W.A. Brantley and T. Eliades 2001.
Week (17) Topic: Mechanics and mechanical testing of orthodontic materials
Session One - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) Introduction.
2) Bending deformation.
3) Torsional deformation
Session Two - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) Mechanical testing methods of orthodontic materials
2) Mechanical testing machines and experimental procedures
3) Specific tests for evaluation of mechanical properties
Reference; Chapter Two – Orthodontic Materials; Scientific and
Clinical Aspects, W.A. Brantley and T. Eliades 2001.
Week (18) Topic: Techniques for study of orthodontic materials
Session One - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) Introduction.
2) X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry
3) X-ray fluorescence (XRF) microanalysis
3) X-ray diffraction (XRD)
4) Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA)
5) Auger electron spectroscopy (AES)
6) Scanning auger microprobe (SAM)
Session Two - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)
2) Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS)
3) Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)
4) Raman microspectroscopy
5) Multi-technique characterization
6) Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)
Reference; Chapter Three – Orthodontic Materials; Scientific and
Clinical Aspects, W.A. Brantley and T. Eliades 2001.
Week (19) Topic: Orthodontic Wires
Session One - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) Introduction.
2) Desirable properties for orthodontic wires.
3) Manufacturing of orthodontic wires.
3) Wire alloys.
Session Two - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) Gold alloys wires.
2) Stainless steel wires.
3) Cobalt chromium nickel wire.
4) Beta titanium wires.
5) Nickel titanium wires.
6) Clinical selection of orthodontic wires.
7) Future of orthodontic wires
Reference; Chapter Four – Orthodontic Materials; Scientific and
Clinical Aspects, W.A. Brantley and T. Eliades 2001.
Week (20) Topic: Enamel etching and bond strength.
Session One - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) Introduction.
2) Effects of variables on bond strength.
3) Measurement of debonding force and bond strength.
Session Two - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) Expermental models for evaluating bond strength.
2) Bonding of brackets to enamel.
3) Troubleshooting bond failures.
Reference; Chapter Five – Orthodontic Materials; Scientific and
Clinical Aspects, W.A. Brantley and T. Eliades 2001.
Week (21) Topic: Oral microbiological changes.
Session One - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) Introduction.
2) Oral microbiological changes.
3) Long term enamel alteration
4) Orthodontic treatment and caries development.
Session Two - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) Caries prophylactic aspects of orthodontic treatment.
2) Rational caries prophylactic measures for orthodontic patients.
3) Clinical recommendations.
Reference; Chapter Six – Orthodontic Materials; Scientific and Clinical
Aspects, W.A. Brantley and T. Eliades 2001.
Week (22) Topic: Third Assessment [3].
• Orthodontic materials
• Multiple choice questions
• 15 marks
• 100 minutes duration
Week (23) Topic: Orthodontic Brackets.
Session One - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) Introduction.
2) Metallic brackets.
3) Aesthetic brackets.
4) Lingual brackets.
Session Two - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) Wettability and potential for plaque accumulation.
2) Bracket slot archwire friction.
3) Debonding brackets.
Reference; Chapter Seven – Orthodontic Materials; Scientific and
Clinical Aspects, W.A. Brantley and T. Eliades 2001.
Week (24) Topic: Elastomeric ligatures and chains.
Session One - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) Introduction.
2) Composition and structure.
3) Elastomeric ligatures.
4) Conventional ligatures
5) Fluoride releasing elastomeric.
Session Two - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) Elastomeric chains.
2) In viro studies of force degradation.
3) In vivo aging phenomena.
Reference; Chapter Eight – Orthodontic Materials; Scientific and
Clinical Aspects, W.A. Brantley and T. Eliades 2001.
Week (25) Topic: Orthodontic adhesive resins.
Session One - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) Introduction.
2) Broad rational of adhesive science.
3) Scope of orthodontic adhesives.
4) Resin matrix biomaterials.
Session Two - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) Enamel adhesive resin interface.
2) Bonding agents.
3) Classification of orthodontic adhesive systems.
a) Chemically activated.
b) Light cured.
c) Dual cured systems.
d) Thermocured systems.
e) Moisture activated adhesives.
4) Precoated brackets.
5) Degradation of polymeric systems.
Reference; Chapters Nine + Ten – Orthodontic Materials;
Scientific and Clinical Aspects, W.A. Brantley and T.
Eliades 2001.
Week (26) Topic: Cements + Impression in orthodontics.
Session One - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) Introduction.
2) Zinc phosphate cements.
3) Zinc polycarboxylate cements.
4) Glass inomer cements.
Session Two - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) Introduction.
2) Classes of impression materials.
3) Thermoplastic bite impression materials.
4) Alginate hydrocolloid.
5) Rubber impression materials.
6) Properties of impression materials
7) Clinical use of impression materials.
Reference; Chapters 11 + 12 – Orthodontic Materials; Scientific
and Clinical Aspects, W.A. Brantley and T. Eliades
2001.
Week (27) Topic: Orthodontic bonding to non-conventional surfaces.
Session One - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) Introduction.
2) Bonding to ceramics.
3) Bonding to casting alloys.
Session Two - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) Bonding to dental amalgam.
2) Bonding to resin composites.
3) Bonding to acrylic resins.
4) Bonding to implant attachments.
Reference; Chapters 13 – Orthodontic Materials; Scientific
and Clinical Aspects, W.A. Brantley and T. Eliades
2001.
Week (28) Topic: Orthodontic materials biocompatibility and allergic
reactions.
Session One - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) Relevance of biocompatibility.
2) Definition of biocompatibility.
3) Measurements of biocompatibility.
4) Factors in assessing biocompatibility.
Session Two - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) Decomposition and absorption mechanism.
2) Allergic reactions.
3) Adverse patient reactions.
4) Occupational implications.
Reference; Chapters 14 +15 - Orthodontic Materials; Scientific
and Clinical Aspects, W.A. Brantley and T. Eliades
2001.
Week (29) Topic: Fourth Assessment [4].
• Orthodontic materials
• Multiple choice questions
• 15 marks
• 100 minutes duration
Week (30) Topic: Final Written Examination
• Orthodontic bioengineering and materials.
• Multiple choice questions
• 40 marks
• 120 minutes duration
Craniofacial Growth and Development
The course outline, lectures, contents and references are presented below.
Week (1) Topic: Introduction and orientation.
Session One - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) Introduction to the course and course orientation.
2) Why to study growth?
a) Importance of studying growth and development.
Session Two - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) Definitions of terms.
a) Why the definitions?
b) What are the terms need definitions?
Week (2) Topic: Definitions of terms.
Session One - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) Concepts of craniofacial growth.
a) Growth.
b) Development.
c) Pattern.
Session Two - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) Concepts of craniofacial growth (Continues).
a) Growth variability.
b) Differential growth.
c) Growth predictability.
Week (3) Topic: Prenatal -1.
Session One - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) Developmental periods.
2) Prenatal period.
a) An overview of general embryology.
b) Ovum Period.
c) Embryogenesis period.
d) Fetus period.
Session Two - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) Embryogenesis
The creation of human – An Overview day 1 to 280
Week (4) Topic: Prenatal -2.
Session One - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) Pharyngeal arches
Session Two - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) Pharyngeal pouches and Pharyngeal grooves.
Week (5) Topic: Prenatal -3.
Session One - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) General development of the face
2) Calvarium.
2) Cranial base.
Session Two - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) Nasomaxillary complex.
2) Mandible.
Week (6) Topic: Postnatal-1.
Session One - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) Mechanism of bone growth.
a) Bone structure.
* Bone cells.
* Bone matrix.
b) Bone formation.
* Endochondral (Cartilage replacement).
* Periosteal (Intramembranous).
c) Bone transformation.
* Compact bone.
* Spongy bone.
Session Two - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) Principles of bone growth.
a) Drift –vs- displacement.
b) Posterior growth anterior displacement.
c) Surface deposition and resorption.
d) The V-principle.
e) Bone bending and surface curvature.
f) Laws of electrogenesis.
Week (7) Topic: Postnatal – 2.
Session One - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) Postnatal growth of calvarium.
a) Suture system
2) Postnatal growth of the cranial base.
a) Sychondrosis
3) Postnatal growth of the nasomaxillary complex.
a) Nasal cartilage
b) Suture system
Session Two - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) Postnatal growth of the mandible.
a) Condylar cartilage.
Week (8) Topic: Postnatal – 3.
Session One - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) Methods of studying growth.
a) Experimental methods.
b) Measurement methods.
Session Two - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) Type of growth data.
a) Longitudinal.
b) Cross sectional.
c) Semilongitudinal.
Week (9) Topic: Postnatal – 4.
Session One - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) Growth curves and growth charts.
a) Distance growth curve.
b) Velocity growth curve.
Session Two - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) Adolescent growth and growth curve.
a) Adolescent defined.
b) Adolescent and active growth.
c) Adolescent and orthodontic treatment.
Week (10) Topic: First Assessment Examination [1].
One Session Only - (100 minutes duration)
*** First Assessment Examination [1] – 15 Marks ***.
• Multiple choice questions.
• True and false.
• Fill in the blanks.
• Short notes and essays.
Week (11) Topic: Development of oral function.
Session One - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) Normal oral functions.
a) Breathing.
• Airway maintenance
• Mandibular posture
• Oral seal
b) Feeding, mastication and swallowing
c) Speech and facial expression
d) Mandibular position and path of closure
e) Occlusal function.
Session Two - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) Oral habits.
a) Digit sucking
b) mb sucking
c) Oral breathing
d) Other oral habits.
Week (12) Topic: Development of occlusion-1.
Session One - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) Development of dentition.-1.
a) Odontogenesis.
b) Tooth eruption.
Session Two - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) Deciduous dentition.
a) Development of deciduous dentition
b) Completion of deciduous dentition
Week (13) Topic: Development of occlusion-2.
Session One - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) The mixed dentition
a) The change in the mixed dentition
• Anterior segment
• Posterior segment
Session Two - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) The permanent dentition.
a) Early permanent dentition.
b) Late permanent dentition.
c) Changes in the permanent dentition.
Week (14) Topic: Facial growth and occlusion.
Session One - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) The development of occlusion.
a) Occlusion of deciduous teeth.
b) Deciduous molars and terminal plane.
• Mesial terminal plane
• Flush terminal plane.
• Distal terminal plane
c) Occlusion of the permanent teeth.
Session Two - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) Facial growth and occlusion
a) Changes in the anterior segments.
b) Changes in the posterior segments.
b) Late growth and occlusal changes.
Week (15) Topic: Theories of craniofacial growth – 1.
Session One - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) The controversies.
2) The genetic theories [1]
a) Location of gene.
b) Growth center and growth site.
Session Two - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) The genetic theories [2]
a) The sutural theories.
b) The cartilage theories.
Week (16) Topic: Theories of craniofacial growth – 2.
Session One - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) The functional matrix theory [1].
a) The origin.
b) Functional components and skull units.
c) Functional matrix by regions
Session Two - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) The functional matrix theory [2]
a) The functional matrix theory revisited.
2) The current concepts.
****** End of semester – continue next semester *****
Week (17) Topic: Growth assessment and prediction – 1.
Session One - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) Assessment of maximum growth period [1].
a) Methods of assessment.
b) Growth and skeletal age.
c) Growth and dental age.
Session Two - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) Assessment of maximum growth period [2]
a) Hand and writ x-ray.
Week (18) Topic: Growth assessment and prediction – 2.
Session One - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) Growth prediction.
a) Methods of growth prediction.
Session Two - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) Computerized growth prediction.
Week (19) Topic: Cephalometric and craniofacial growth.
Session One - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) Cephalometric and craniofacial growth
a) Standardization.
b) Cephalometric and growth data.
• Longitudinal growth data.
• Cross-sectional data.
• Semilongitudinal data
Session Two - Lecture (50 minutes duration)
1) Cephalometric cranial base superimpositioning
a) The problems of superimpositioning
b) The S-N plane registered at S.
c) The N-Ba plane line.
d) The N-Bo plane registered at R.
e) The Rickett’s Pt point
Week (20) Topic: Second Assessment Examination [2].
One Session Only - (100 minutes duration)
*** Second Assessment Examination [2] – 15 Marks ***.
• Multiple choice questions.
• True and false.
• Fill in the blanks.
• Short notes and essays.
Week (21) Topic: Tracing and clinical application of growth data.
One Session – (100 minutes duration)
1) Normal growth from 6 to 16 years for male.
a) Direction of growth.
b) Amount of growth.

Reference: Thordarson et al, Craniofacial changes in Iceland
children between 6 and 16 years of age – a longitudinal study.
Eur. J. Orth; 28:152-165;2006.
Week (22) Topic: Tracing and clinical application of growth data.
One Session – (100 minutes duration)
1) Normal growth from 3-6-9-12-15-18 years for male.
a) Direction of growth.
b) Amount of growth.
c) Time of growth
Week (23) Topic: Tracing and clinical application of growth data.
One Session – (100 minutes duration)
1) Normal growth from 3-6-9-12-15-18 years for female.
a) Direction of growth.
b) Amount of growth.
c) Time of growth
Week (24) Topic: Tracing and clinical application of growth data.
One Session – (100 minutes duration)
1) Comparisons of normal growth from 3-6-9-12-15-18 years
between male and female.
a) Direction of growth.
b) Amount of growth.
c) Time of growth
Week (25) Topic: Tracing and clinical application of growth data.
One Session – (100 minutes duration)
1) Normal growth rotation.
a) Anterior growth rotation.
b) Posterior growth rotation.
Week (26) Topic: Tracing and clinical application of growth data.
One Session – (100 minutes duration)
1) Class II skeletal – growth and treatment [Case # 1]
Week (27) Topic: Tracing and clinical application of growth data.
One Session – (100 minutes duration)
1) Class II skeletal – growth and treatment [Case # 2]
Week (28) Topic: Tracing and clinical application of growth data.
One Session – (100 minutes duration)
1) Class II skeletal – growth and treatment [Case # 3]
Week (29) Topic: Tracing and clinical application of growth data.
One Session – (100 minutes duration)
1) Class III skeletal relationship – growth and treatment.
Week (30) Topic: Third Assessment Examination [3].
One Session Only - (100 minutes duration)
*** Third Assessment Examination [3] – 15 Marks ***.
A case tracing and clinical application of growth data to
predict future growth and expected treatment changes.
Final Examination Week.
One Session Only - (120 minutes duration)
*** Final Examination – 40 Marks ***.
• Multiple choice questions.
• True and false.
• Fill in the blanks.
• Short notes and essays.