The Course will introduce students to a broad range of core topics and concepts in physiological optics and vision science, but will embed these topics within a broader framework of understanding about the nature of vision, the underlying mechanisms of the human visual system, the way vision develops in early life, and the functions that vision serves in human behavior. In this way, students will gain insight into the relationships between basic science and clinical practice.
1. Problems of Ametropia
2. Retinoscopy
3. Subjective refraction
4. Balancing method of subjective refraction
5. Near vision tests & refraction
6. Tests for binocular vision
7. Keratometry
8. Routine eye examination
9. Accommodation – convergence relationship
10. Methods of accommodation & convergence measurement
Principles of Free-Electron Lasers by 
Electromagnetic principles of integrated optics by 
Lasers principles, types and applications by 
